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The enzyme activity was measured with a low concentration of ATP and a high concentration of ATP in the reaction mixture. Biochemists measured the enzyme activity of phosphofructokinase (the rate at which it catalyzed the reaction) at different concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second phosphorylation reaction is then carried out, in which fructose 6-phosphate is converted into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. At the start of glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated to produce glucose 6-phosphate, which is converted into fructose 6-phosphate. State the organelle in which process R takes place.Ģ5. The diagram below shows possible pathways for the breakdown of glucose in various cells.G l u c o s eĪ ( n B o P o C r o c e s P s r Qo c e s s R x y g e ( no x p y r ge es en n p t )r e s e n + D D + E t ) Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Translation Cytoplasm Mitochondria CytoplasmĢ4. Where do transcription and translation occur in eukaryotic cells? Transcription A. Compare DNA transcription with translation.Ģ3. Approximately how many nucleotides long is the mRNA that codes for this polypeptide likely to be? A. A certain gene codes for a polypeptide that is 120 amino acids long.
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Which of the following had been left out of the mixture?ĭNA ligase Helicase Nucleotides DNA polymeraseĢ1. Each consisted of a normal DNA strand paired with segments of DNA a few hundred nucleotides long. When some DNA was added replication occurred, but the DNA molecules formed were defective. A biochemist isolated and purified molecules needed for DNA replication. RNA primase DNA polymerase I DNA ligase HelicaseĢ0. Which enzyme removes the RNA primer during replication? A. Draw a diagram of the molecular structure of a portion of DNA.ġ9. Distinguish between the structure of DNA and RNA. Explain the effect of pH on enzyme activity. Outline how enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions. Explain the significance of polar and non-polar amino acids within the cell.ĭefine the term active site of an enzyme. State two products of the process of glycolysis. Include the structure of a generalized dipeptide in your answer.
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Outline the production of a dipeptide by a condensation reaction. Outline the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage.ġ4. Identify which of the diagrams represent (i) (ii) the structure of glucose. The diagrams below show various molecular structures.I. Explain, with reference to its properties, the significance of water as a coolant, a means of transport and as a habitat.ġ2. State one substance, or group of substances, that contains (i) nitrogen. Some organic compounds contain other elements. (b) (c) State the three most commonly occurring elements. Organic compounds are made of chemical elements, which are therefore essential to living organisms. Living organisms produce a wide variety of organic compounds. metaphase metaphase anaphase II prophase telophase prophaseġ0. Which phases of mitosis are shown in diagrams I and II? Outline the differences between the behaviour of the chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis.ĩ. Draw diagrams to show the four stages of mitosis in an animal cell with four chromosomes.Ĩ. Exocytosis Pinocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosisħ. Lysosome Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic recticulum Nucleus Mitochondrion
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State one function of each of the following organelles. State two advantages of using a light microscope over an electron microscope. (a) Label the following electron micrograph of a prokaryotic cell.Ĭalculate the magnification of the prokaryotic cell. Tutorplus Distinguish between the structure of plant and animal cells. State the composition and the function of the plant cell wall. (b) Explain how the properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of the cell surface membrane. (a) Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. Graha Obor 2 Jalan Bangka Raya No 110 Blok B106, Kemang Jakarta 7197781 / 71791141Ĭompare, with the aid of a diagram, the structure of generalised prokaryotic and eukaryotic animal cells.